依朗芷硬胶在广州石化厂矿区的生长表现分析

1989年3月,引入依朗芷硬胶在广州石化厂矿区作抗污染与行道树种种植,16年的试种结果和 4年育苗试验表明:该树种生长良好,每年都能开花结实,叶色翠绿,终年不凋,自然整枝良好,树冠近球形, 喜温暖和阳光充足环境,对土壤要求不严,对肥水要求不高,耐土壤瘠薄,耐干旱,无病虫害,抗污染能力强, 种子繁殖出苗率高,苗期生长速度也较快。该树种适应广州地区的气候条件,可广泛应用于行道树、厂矿区绿化、庭园绿化、森林公园和风景林建设等。     

黄脊竹蝗空间格局及抽样技术的初步研究

本文采用聚集度指标法和回归分析法，对黄脊竹蝗在林间的空间格局进行测定，并采用刀切法给出了聚集度指标的估计区间，3次设计最优拟合提高了回归模型参数的精度；结果表明，黄脊竹蝗在林间为聚集分布，分布的基本成分是个体群。     

Factors influencing red expression in autumn foliage of sugar maple trees

We evaluated factors influencing the development of autumn red coloration in leaves of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) by measuring mineral nutrient and carbohydrate concentrations, water content, and phenology of color development of leaves from 16 mature open-grown trees on 12 dates from June through October 1999. Mean foliar nutrient and carbohydrate concentrations and water content were generally within the range published for healthy sugar maple trees. However, foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations were near deficiency values for some trees. The timing and extent of red leaf coloration was consistently correlated with both foliar N concentrations and starch or sugar concentrations, which also varied with N status. Leaves of trees with low foliar N concentrations turned red earlier and more completely than those of trees with high foliar N concentrations. Low-N trees also had higher foliar starch concentrations than high-N trees. During the autumn development of red leaf coloration, foliar starch, glucose and fructose concentrations were positively correlated with red leaf color expression. At peak red expression, the concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and stachyose were all positively correlated with red color expressed as a percent of total leaf area.     

New root growth of Douglas-fir seedlings at low carbon dioxide concentration

New root growth of conifer nursery seedlings is dependent on light, but whether this is necessary only for photosynthesis, or also has some other root growth promoting effect is unknown. This question was investigated using one-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings grown at two nurseries from the same seed lot and taken from cold storage in March and April. New root production was examined in two 10-day root growth capacity (RGC) experiments. Seedlings were subjected to one of four treatments: (1) control, (2) exclusion of light, (3) low CO(2) concentration, and (4) girdling to separate the phloem connection between shoot and root. Shoots were enclosed in Plexiglas cuvettes and supplied with scrubbed air to reduce the CO(2) concentration to 11 to 22 microl l(-1) in the light. The closed system used in Experiment 1 was opened to the atmosphere briefly each day to restore O(2) to ambient, but this was unnecessary for the open system used in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, new root production was affected by treatments in the order: control > low CO(2) concentration > dark > girdling. Greater new root production in the low CO(2) treatment compared with the dark treatment was attributed to brief increases in CO(2) to ambient concentrations when O(2) was restored each day. In Experiment 2, new root production at the low CO(2) concentration in the light was essentially the same as in darkness, but only 17% of the control value. Thus light appeared to play no part in new root production other than permitting photosynthesis. Limited production of new roots occurred in the absence of photosynthesis, which was further reduced by girdling, presumably because, after girdling, only root system reserves could be used.     

Nutrition, xylem cavitation and drought resistance in hybrid poplar

Effects of mineral nutrition on susceptibility to cavitation were examined in four hybrid poplar clones. Two drought-sensitive and two drought-resistant hybrid clones of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) and eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides Bartr.) were grown at three concentrations of nitrogen (N) applied factorially with two concentrations of phosphorus (P) in a greenhouse, and subjected to varying degrees of drought stress before measurement of cavitation and of anatomical features that might affect cavitation. Mean vessel pit pore diameters were 0.132 micro m at low P, and 0.074 micro m at high P, but no other significant effects of mineral nutrition on vessel dimensions were observed. Vessel diameter and specific conductivity were greater in the drought-resistant clones than in the drought-susceptible clones. Drought-resistant clones did not reach such low water potentials as drought-sensitive clones during the cavitation induction experiments, suggesting better stomatal and cuticular control of water loss. Scanning electron microscope observations showed less damage to pit membranes, also suggesting greater membrane strength in drought-resistant clones than in drought-sensitive clones. High concentrations of N increased cavitation, whereas high concentrations of P decreased cavitation as measured by both hydraulic flow apparatus and dye perfusion techniques. For one test, cavitation was 48% at high N and low P, but only 28% at high N and high P. We consider that N fertilization may make poplars more susceptible to cavitation on dry sites, but P fertilization may reduce this effect.     

Effect of mentor pollen on pistil-pollen incongruities among species of Cucumis L.

Summary The merits of mentor pollen in certain interspecific hybridizations in the genus Cucumis L. were evaluated. African wild cucumber species Cucumis metuliferus Naud. and C. africanus L. and Asian species C. sativus var. hardwickii Alef and var. sikkimensis Hook, were reciprocally crossed. Pollen tube growth was arrested halfway down the style in all combinations except in C. sativus × C. africanus. Mentor pollen irradiated with 100 and 200 krad grew through the style and into the ovules in all species. Fruitset was obtained in all cases when mentor pollen was used either alone or in mixtures. Fruits set after self pollination with mentor pollen yielded only seeds without embryos.In several crosses, aided by mentor pollen, a number of relatively large seeds (with enlarged embryosac) were obtained. A sample of these embryosacs contained a globular structure like an embryo. Embryosacs with embryo-like structures were explanted on several different media but no development was obtained.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on in vitro pollen germination of different Cucumis species

Summary Pollen grains of 14 Cucumis accessions were irradiated with 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 kGy acute gamma rays and germinated in vitro directly afterwards. Pollen germination was significantly reduced by increasing irradiation dose for all species, except C. melo var. agrestis. Pollen tube growth was generally reduced likewise. Pollen of two C. anguria subspecies was most sensitive to irradiation. Sensitivity of the pollen with respect to pollen tube growth in relation to irradiation dose was inversely related to total DNA amount per nucleus. In vitro germination was not related to DNA amount per nucleus. Results show that the examined Cucumis species, especially C. melo var. agrestis, are sufficiently resistant to irradiation to be used as donor species for in vivo egg cell transformation of the cucumber.     

In vitro pollen germination and tube growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its relation with plant growth

Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature.     

In vitro evaluation of metacarpophalangeal joint loading during simulated walk

Reasons for performing study: Insight into the loading pattern of the articular cartilage surface during the complete stride is important as biomechanical factors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of joint trauma and osteoarthritis (OA). Objectives: To determine the loading pattern in the equine MCP articulation in vitro during simulated walk. Methods: Eight cadaveric limbs from mature Dutch Warmblood horses were loaded in a pneumatic loading device in 6 different positions (A1‐A6). The pressure distribution on the articular surface of the proximal phalanx (P1) was measured at 7 sites (S1‐7) using intra‐articularly placed pressure sensitive films, which were analysed by scanning and densitometry. Results: Pressures recorded after mid‐stance (A4, 5, 6) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those before (A1, 2, 3) and showed the biphasic loading pattern of the walk at all sites, except for the site halfway along the sagittal groove (S7). At S7, there was a linear increase in pressure during the progress of the stance phase of the stride in most horses. Medially (S4, 5, 6) the pressure was significantly higher than laterally (S1, 2, 3) (P<0.05). Conclusions and potential relevance: The heavier medial loading coincides with the location where articular cartilage degeneration in the process of OA in the equine MCP joint is known to start. The discrepancy between the loading of the central groove and the other parts of the joint may result in large stress differences at the end of the stance phase, which might be related to the pathogenesis of stress fractures in the first phalanx and distal third metacarpal bone.     

马头山羊线粒体细胞色素b基因遗传多样性研究

测定了马头山羊品种16个个体的细胞色素b基因全序列(1 140 bp),比较分析了群体中细胞色素b基因的碱基组成和序列间碱基的变异情况.结果显示:在该品种(群体)中细胞色素b基因序列中8个变异位点上观察到23次T-C间碱基转换,有11次T-G间碱基颠换发生在密码子第2位点,为非同义突变;观察到6种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.808,核苷酸多样度为0.002 43.以绵羊为外群构建系统发生树(NJ tree).结果显示:马头山羊有两个母系起源,其中支系A占75%(12/16),支系B占25%(4/16).